fix: give each solver its own seed instead of a process-wide counter by ramakrishnap-nv · Pull Request #1717 · NVIDIA/cuopt

ramakrishnap-nv · 2026-08-13T15:31:53Z

seed_generator::seed_ was a single process-wide counter. The two solvers seed it from unrelated inputs:

cpp/src/routing/problem/problem.cu:80    set_seed(num_requests, num_orders, num_orders)   // problem geometry
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solve.cu:374      if (settings.seed >= 0) set_seed(settings.seed)  // user settings

Sharing one counter means whichever solver runs last overwrites the other's seed, so solving a VRP and then a MIP in the same process silently discards the user's settings.seed.

Change

The seed now belongs to the solver that uses it. seed_generator_t is an instance held by routing::problem_t and mip::problem_t, each seeded from its own settings, and the process-wide seed_generator is removed.

Routing gains set_seed / get_seed on solver_settings_t, following mip_solver_settings_t where -1 means "derive it", so behaviour is unchanged when the user does not set one. Routing previously had no seed control at all despite being the component that overwrote the shared counter.

All 45 call sites now draw from the owning problem — 13 in routing, 32 in the MIP heuristics. Two sites cannot reach a problem and take the seed explicitly rather than keeping a global:

ejection_pool_t::random_shuffle(seed) — the pool has no route back to a problem
the feasibility jump host-LP path falls back to the simplex settings' random_seed, which it already receives

The counter is a mutable std::atomic, so get_seed() can be const: solution_t reaches its problem through a const pointer, and drawing a seed does not change the problem's logical state. This also resolves the // TODO: should be thread local? on the class — get_seed() was a plain seed_++, a data race across concurrent solves. Distinct values are now handed out safely, though the order under concurrency is still not deterministic, so reproducibility continues to require a deterministic call order.

On the test

determinism_test.cu called seed_generator::set_seed(seed) before each of three solves even though it already set settings.seed — a workaround for the global persisting between solves. Those three lines are gone; the test relies on settings.seed alone.

Testing

Clean build (CUDA 13.3, gcc 14.3) and ctest. DeterministicBBTest passes all four cases, including reproducible_high_contention, which is where a change in seed assignment under concurrent solves would surface.

Follow-ups

Python bindings for the routing seed, and routing-over-gRPC after #1597, which owns the routing entries in field_registry.yaml.

History

The class arrived in rapidsai/cuopt#1270 as a routing-local helper, where a static was a reasonable choice — it replaced clock64() seeding and was meant to be reachable from any kernel without plumbing. It became shared in rapidsai/cuopt#2417, which moved it from routing/utilities to src/utilities and is described purely as a file move; the "accessible throughout the code" premise was not revisited once a second solver used it.

seed_generator::seed_ was a single process-wide counter defined in seed_generator.cu. The two solvers seed it from unrelated inputs: routing/problem/problem.cu:80 set_seed(num_requests, num_orders, num_orders) mip_heuristics/solve.cu:374 if (settings.seed >= 0) set_seed(settings.seed) Routing derives its seed from the problem geometry, mathematical optimization takes it from the user's solver settings. Sharing one counter means whichever solver runs last overwrites the other's seed, so solving a VRP and then a MIP in the same process silently discards the user's settings.seed. Define the counter inline instead, so each library that links the header keeps its own, matching how the seed is actually supplied. Making it std::atomic also resolves the "should be thread local?" TODO: get_seed() was a plain seed_++, which is a data race across concurrent solves. The atomic hands out distinct values, though the order is still not deterministic under concurrency, so reproducibility continues to require a deterministic call order. seed_generator.cu existed only to define the member and is removed. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: Ramakrishna Prabhu <ramakrishnap@nvidia.com>

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ramakrishnap-nv · 2026-08-13T15:32:27Z

/ok to test 3e17450

github-actions · 2026-08-13T17:35:54Z

CI Test Summary

1 failed · 30 passed · 0 skipped

conda-cpp-tests / 13.0.3, 3.14, arm64, rockylinux8, l4, latest-driver, latest-deps — 1 failed test

DeterministicBBTest.reproducible_solution_vector

coderabbitai · 2026-08-13T18:14:20Z

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📒 Files selected for processing (5)

cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_bounds_repair.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_bounds_repair.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_constraint_prop.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solve.cu
cpp/src/utilities/seed_generator.cuh

🚧 Files skipped from review as they are similar to previous changes (4)

cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solve.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_constraint_prop.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_bounds_repair.cu
cpp/src/utilities/seed_generator.cuh

📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

The PR replaces the global seed generator with per-problem atomic seed generators. Solver settings now support configured seeds, and MIP and routing random operations use the owning problem’s seed state. Determinism tests use configured seeds without global resets.

Changes

Per-problem seed management

Layer / File(s)	Summary
Atomic seed generator `cpp/src/utilities/seed_generator.cuh`, `cpp/src/CMakeLists.txt`	The static seed generator becomes a per-instance atomic `seed_generator_t`. The standalone CUDA source is removed from the build.
Solver and problem seed configuration `cpp/include/cuopt/routing/solver_settings.hpp`, `cpp/src/routing/solver_settings.cu`, `cpp/src/mip_heuristics/problem/problem.cuh`, `cpp/src/routing/problem/*`, `cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solve.cu`	Solver settings expose seed accessors. MIP and routing problems use configured seeds or derive seeds from problem dimensions.
MIP heuristic seed migration `cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/`, `cpp/src/mip_heuristics/feasibility_jump/`, `cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/*`, `cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solution/solution.cu`	MIP heuristic random engines and kernels obtain seeds from the owning problem.
Routing seed migration `cpp/src/routing/adapters/`, `cpp/src/routing/diversity/`, `cpp/src/routing/ges/`, `cpp/src/routing/local_search/`	Routing random engines and kernels use problem-specific seeds. Ejection-pool shuffling accepts an explicit seed.
Determinism test updates `cpp/tests/mip/determinism_test.cu`	The determinism test removes global seed resets and retains the configured solver seed across solves.

Estimated code review effort: 3 (Moderate) | ~25 minutes

Merge Risk: 🟡 Moderate · up to 4e93b

The change isolates solver seeds and adds routing seed control, but the current implementation still has bounded correctness and reliability risks: default routing seed derivation can overflow for some inputs, and certain asynchronous GPU failures may surface late or remain hidden. These issues should be fixed or explicitly accepted before merging.

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❌ Failed checks (1 warning)

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✅ Passed checks (4 passed)

Check name	Status	Explanation
Title check	✅ Passed	The title clearly summarizes the main change from a process-wide seed counter to solver-specific seed ownership.
Description check	✅ Passed	The description directly explains the seed-handling changes, affected components, testing, and deferred follow-ups.
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mlubin · 2026-08-13T18:15:37Z

Shouldn't we prefer this seed to be local to the solver object rather than the process/library?

ramakrishnap-nv · 2026-08-13T18:40:42Z

Agreed — per-solver-object is the right place for this. A library-scoped counter is still global; this PR narrows the blast radius rather than removing it.

Some history, since the current design was deliberate for a context that no longer holds.

The class came from rapidsai/cuopt#1270 ("Implement deterministic seed generator", Aug 2023), which introduced it at cpp/src/routing/utilities/seed_generator.cuh — a routing-local helper. From that PR:

A new static seed generator class that is accessible throughout the code.
Earlier, a lot of kernels were using clock64() as a seed.
Note to developers: Use this seed generator everywhere you need to generate random numbers.

So the static was chosen on purpose: it replaced clock64() seeding to make routing reproducible, and being reachable from any kernel without plumbing was the point. That was reasonable for a single-owner component.

What broke it was rapidsai/cuopt#2417 ("Refactor routing", Apr 2025), which moved it from routing/utilities to src/utilities. The PR describes it purely as a file move, and the "accessible throughout the code" premise was not revisited once a second solver started using it. Two seeding conventions now write to one counter:

cpp/src/routing/problem/problem.cu:80    set_seed(num_requests, num_orders, num_orders)   // problem geometry
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solve.cu:374      if (settings.seed >= 0) set_seed(settings.seed)  // user settings

Independently, #527 (multi-threaded RINS) added the // TODO: should be thread local? that is still on the class — flagged while introducing concurrency, never resolved.

Worth noting the migration you are describing is already half-done. mip_solver_settings_t::seed is public, exposed as the CUOPT_RANDOM_SEED parameter and as gRPC field 28, and parts of MIP already read it directly rather than going through the global:

cpp/src/dual_simplex/phase2.cpp:472                    random_t random(settings.seed);
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/feasibility_jump/fj_cpu.cu      PCGenerator rng(settings.seed + iterations, ...)

The 50 remaining get_seed() call sites are the unmigrated part.

Plan

This PR — per-library storage plus the atomic, and surface a seed on routing's solver_settings_t, which today has no seed control at all despite being the component that overwrites the shared counter. Following mip_solver_settings_t, -1 will mean "derive as today" so existing behaviour is preserved when unset.
Follow-up — migrate the 50 get_seed() sites to draw from the owning object, mirroring what phase2.cpp and fj_cpu.cu already do, after which seed_generator goes away entirely.
Python bindings for the routing seed in a separate PR; routing-over-gRPC after Routing over gRPC: VRP server + compiled C++/Cython client #1597, which owns the routing entries in field_registry.yaml.

Step 2 is the one that actually answers your point, and it is also groundwork for #144 and #986 — deterministic parallel heuristics are hard while RNG state is a shared mutable counter. Happy to fold it into this PR instead if you would rather not land an intermediate step.

ramakrishnap-nv · 2026-08-13T18:50:50Z

Following up on my own question — we have decided to fold step 2 in rather than land an intermediate step, so this PR will do the full migration:

routing's solver_settings_t gains a seed
all 50 get_seed() call sites move to drawing from the owning solver object
seed_generator and its global counter are removed

That is 28 files, 13 sites in routing and 37 in the MIP heuristics. Python bindings for the routing seed follow in a separate PR, and routing-over-gRPC after #1597.

Will re-request review once it is rebuilt and the determinism tests are green.

Adds set_seed/get_seed to routing's solver_settings_t, following the mip_solver_settings_t convention where -1 means "derive it", so existing behaviour is unchanged when the user does not set one. Routing previously had no seed control at all, despite being the component that overwrote the shared counter from problem geometry. Introduces seed_generator_t, an instance held by routing's problem_t and seeded in its constructor. The counter is a mutable atomic so get_seed() can be const: solution_t reaches the problem through a const pointer, and drawing a seed does not change the problem's logical state, so this avoids threading constness changes through the call graph. All 13 routing call sites now draw from the owning problem. ejection_pool_t has no route back to a problem, so random_shuffle() takes the seed as an argument instead; all four callers pass it. The process-wide seed_generator remains for now because the MIP heuristics still use it. It is removed once those call sites migrate. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: Ramakrishna Prabhu <ramakrishnap@nvidia.com>

Adds a seed_generator_t to mip::problem_t, seeded from settings.seed where the process-wide generator was seeded before, and moves the 32 MIP call sites onto it. With routing already migrated, nothing references the global and it is removed. Two call sites cannot reach a problem and take the seed explicitly rather than reintroducing a global: ejection_pool_t::random_shuffle() already gained a seed parameter with the routing change, and the feasibility jump host-LP path falls back to the simplex settings' random_seed, which it already receives. determinism_test.cu called seed_generator::set_seed() before each of three solves even though it already set settings.seed; that was working around the global persisting across solves. Those three lines are gone and the test now relies on settings.seed alone. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: Ramakrishna Prabhu <ramakrishnap@nvidia.com>

ramakrishnap-nv · 2026-08-14T15:54:41Z

@mlubin may I get another round of review ?

mlubin · 2026-08-14T15:56:39Z

I'm not the most appropriate reviewer given how this PR is touching the engine code. @akifcorduk could you take another look?

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Inline comments:
In `@cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_bounds_repair.cu`:
- Line 30: The lb_bounds_repair_t constructor initializes gen from an
unavailable problem member and only accepts handle_ptr; pass or otherwise bind
the owning problem before seeding gen, or defer seeding until repair_problem.
Update lb_constraint_prop_t handle-only construction to match the revised
constructor while preserving the existing seed behavior.

In `@cpp/src/mip_heuristics/problem/problem.cuh`:
- Around line 331-332: Make seed_gen private in both MIP and routing problem
classes (cpp/src/mip_heuristics/problem/problem.cuh:331-332 and
cpp/src/routing/problem/problem.cuh:270-272), then add narrow initialization and
seed-access methods and migrate all direct MIP/routing reads and writes to them.
Keep seed_ private in cpp/include/cuopt/routing/solver_settings.hpp:111 and
continue using its existing setter and getter.

In `@cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solve.cu`:
- Line 455: After Papilo replaces problem in the presolve flow, reapply
settings.seed to the new problem.seed_gen when the seed is configured,
preserving deterministic downstream heuristic behavior; retain the existing
nonnegative-seed guard used during initial setup.

In `@cpp/src/routing/ges/ejection_pool.cuh`:
- Around line 59-66: Insert RAFT_CHECK_CUDA at all five affected GPU-operation
sites: after device_random_shuffle in ejection_pool.cuh and before the next GPU
operation; after eject_until_feasible_kernel in eject_until_feasible.cu before
the next GPU operation; after thrust::shuffle; after fill_intra_candidates and
before fill_graph_kernel in fill_gpu_graph.cu; and after
extract_non_overlapping_moves_kernel before reading n_of_selected_moves in
vrp_execute.cu.

In `@cpp/src/utilities/seed_generator.cuh`:
- Around line 27-31: Update the multi-value fold_seed overload to perform
pairing arithmetic in a sufficiently wide unsigned or equivalent domain,
avoiding signed overflow for int inputs and preserving the full intermediate
result; then explicitly reduce the final folded value to int64_t according to
the intended seed contract, including values beyond INT64_MAX. Keep the existing
recursive seed-folding behavior and single-value overload unchanged.

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📒 Files selected for processing (37)

cpp/include/cuopt/routing/solver_settings.hpp
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/diversity_manager.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/population.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/recombiners/bound_prop_recombiner.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/recombiners/fp_recombiner.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/recombiners/line_segment_recombiner.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/recombiners/recombiner.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/diversity/recombiners/sub_mip.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/feasibility_jump/feasibility_jump.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/feasibility_jump/fj_cpu.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/feasibility_jump/fj_cpu_worker.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/feasibility_pump/feasibility_pump.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/local_search.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/bounds_repair.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/constraint_prop.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_bounds_repair.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/lb_constraint_prop.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/local_search/rounding/simple_rounding.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/problem/problem.cuh
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solution/solution.cu
cpp/src/mip_heuristics/solve.cu
cpp/src/routing/adapters/adapted_generator.cu
cpp/src/routing/adapters/adapted_modifier.cu
cpp/src/routing/diversity/diverse_solver.hpp
cpp/src/routing/ges/eject_until_feasible.cu
cpp/src/routing/ges/ejection_pool.cuh
cpp/src/routing/ges/execute_insertion.cu
cpp/src/routing/ges/guided_ejection_search.cu
cpp/src/routing/local_search/compute_insertions.cu
cpp/src/routing/local_search/fill_gpu_graph.cu
cpp/src/routing/local_search/random_cross.cu
cpp/src/routing/local_search/vrp/vrp_execute.cu
cpp/src/routing/problem/problem.cu
cpp/src/routing/problem/problem.cuh
cpp/src/routing/solver_settings.cu
cpp/src/utilities/seed_generator.cuh
cpp/tests/mip/determinism_test.cu

💤 Files with no reviewable changes (1)

cpp/tests/mip/determinism_test.cu

akifcorduk · 2026-08-14T16:18:31Z

I would check the AI reviews, there are some good points there. We introduced the seed generator to improve determinism. Now we are heavily multi-threaded, I think instead of per object I would lean towards per thread/task seed generator to achieve determinism across sync points. I am not sure if it is scope of this PR, but it seems the decision we make is highly relevant and in the future will require a refactoring again. What do you think @aliceb-nv ?

Signed-off-by: Ramakrishna Prabhu <ramakrishnap@nvidia.com>

ramakrishnap-nv · 2026-08-14T17:02:12Z

Thanks — I have addressed the AI review: two were real (the seed being discarded when presolve replaces problem, and signed overflow in the multi-value fold), one was a genuinely invalid reference in lb_bounds_repair.cu that survived a clean build because that file is in no source list and is never compiled. I declined the encapsulation and RAFT_CHECK_CUDA ones with reasoning in the threads.

On per-thread/task versus per-object — I think you are right that this is the decision that matters, and I would rather it be settled before this merges than refactored again later.

Where I land is that the two are not alternatives, they are sequential. RNG state has to stop being a process global before it can be scoped to anything finer; per-object is the step that makes the ownership explicit, and per-task is then a question of what the owner is. Concretely: mip::problem_t and routing::problem_t now hold the generator, so moving to per-task means changing what holds it and threading that through the same call sites this PR already touched — not undoing the work.

What per-object does not solve, and what I think you are pointing at: get_seed() hands out distinct values safely, but the order under concurrency is nondeterministic, so two runs can assign different seeds to the same work item. That is the determinism-across-sync-points problem, and it needs seeds derived from something stable about the task (index, node id, level) rather than drawn from a shared counter at all. I called this limitation out explicitly in the PR description rather than implying the atomic fixes it.

That is also why I would keep it out of this PR: deriving per-task seeds is a design question about what identifies a task in the B&B and FJ paths, and it overlaps #144 and #986. Happy to open an issue for it and reference this discussion, or to fold it in here if you and @aliceb-nv would rather not land the intermediate step — but the intermediate step does remove a live bug today, where routing seeding from problem geometry overwrites a user's settings.seed.

Reapply the configured seed after presolve replaces the problem. solve.cu seeded the generator, then assigned a fresh problem_t built from the reduced problem, which carries a default-constructed generator, so any settings.seed was silently discarded whenever presolve ran. Widen the multi-value seed fold to uint64_t. The pairing arithmetic was evaluated in the input type, and routing folds int problem dimensions, so the product overflowed a 32-bit int once two equal dimensions reached 181. Signed overflow is undefined behaviour; the unsigned type wraps deterministically. Pass the seed into lb_bounds_repair_t's constructor, which has no route back to a problem. That file and lb_constraint_prop.cu are in no source list and are never compiled, so the invalid reference survived a clean build. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: Ramakrishna Prabhu <ramakrishnap@nvidia.com>

ramakrishnap-nv self-assigned this Aug 13, 2026

ramakrishnap-nv added non-breaking Introduces a non-breaking change improvement Improves an existing functionality labels Aug 13, 2026

ramakrishnap-nv marked this pull request as ready for review August 13, 2026 18:10

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ramakrishnap-nv requested review from akifcorduk, chris-maes and tmckayus August 13, 2026 18:10

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ramakrishnap-nv changed the title ~~fix: give each cuOpt library its own seed counter~~ fix: give each solver its own seed instead of a process-wide counter Aug 14, 2026

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ramakrishnap-nv requested a review from aliceb-nv August 14, 2026 16:29

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Signed-off-by: Ramakrishna Prabhu <ramakrishnap@nvidia.com>

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